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Unlike the rocky terrestrial planets like Earth and Mars that huddle close to the Sun’s warmth, these far-flung worlds are mostly composed of chilly gaseous soups of hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane, and deep water around a packed, intensely hot, compact core. This is the realm of the giant planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – extending as far as 30 times the distance between Earth and the Sun. As the solar system’s weatherman, Hubble’s ultra-sharp monitoring of these magnificent giants keeps giving astronomers insights into an ever-changing kaleidoscope of weather on other worlds.įrom its vantage point high above Earth’s atmosphere, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has completed this year’s grand tour of the outer solar system – returning crisp images that complement current and past observations from interplanetary spacecraft. Annually, Hubble monitors changes in the colorful swirling atmosphere of Jupiter, seasonal storms coming and going on Saturn and Uranus, and a wandering dark spot that plays peek-a-boo on Neptune. In the 1990s along came the Hubble Space Telescope to pick up where these interplanetary pathfinders left off. They gave humankind dazzling close-up photos of these remarkably complex worlds. In the 1970s and 1980s, NASA’s Pioneer 10 and 11, and Voyager 1 and 2, first made the long-distance trek to the outer solar system.
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These so-called gas giants all have deep swirling atmospheres made up mostly of primordial elements. Stretching from 500 million to 3 billion miles from the Sun, these monsters are as remote as they are mysterious, dwelling so far from the Sun that water instantly freezes to solid ice. The inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, huddling close to the warm Sun, are pebbles by comparison.
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The ancient Titans of the solar system are the outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. In Greek mythology, a race of giants, called the Titans, first ruled the world. Joseph DePasquale (STScI) Stunning Yearly Observations Reveal Changes to Gas Giants’ Atmospheres Credit: NASA, ESA, Amy Simon (NASA-GSFC), Michael H.